Looking at development within the Global Financial Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4258 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1 mark the genesis of this dissertation. The journey begins by taken a swift look at recent developments in the global financial market serving as catalyst in highlighting ERM in many organisations. This piece of study will centre on risk management activities in the banking sector and as Lam (2007) rightly said banks cannot function effectively without sound risk management. The banking industry now than ever before operate in more volatile financial market making risk management imperative to this sector. Background The field of Enterprise Risk Management (henceforth ERM) is swiftly changing and evolving (Hoyt et al. 2010). The current debate on this issue has generated mixed opinions among academicians and researchers alike. Risk management has become a global issue with many organisations still finding it difficult to get a grip of the concept. Although risk management has over the years been a priority for many corporations, a series of catastrophic events that has marked the last decade has further raised the significant of risk management in many organisations. Many organisations were caught unprepared and the pitfalls of risk management activities in other organisations were also exposed. For instance the outbreak of Y2K millennium bug in 2000 which resulted in over one billion dollars in loss prevention (Coffin 2009), the collapsed of Northern Rock Bank in the UK, the defrauding of French Bank Societe for a sum of 4.9 billion Euros in 2007 by a rogue trader, the effect of the US subp rime lending crisis, the collapsed of Barings Bank which was ones respected as the UKs oldest merchant bank and had the Queen herself as one of its listing and the ongoing BPs deepwater horizon oil spill to name but a few. Many blame the US mortgage lending crisis as the genesis of the global financial crisis the largest the world has ever witness since the Great Depression. All these development have resulted in increased risk profile and as a result increased in regulatory compliance on risk related issues. The risk environment has become more fragile now than ever before. Uncertainty is on the ascendency in todays economy and as a result every organization is, to some extent, in the business of risk management. BoultonHYPERLINK #bib4ÂÂ  HYPERLINK #bib4et alHYPERLINK #bib4, (2000) argue that it is not possible to create a business that doesnt take risks. A quotation from Stewart suitably summarizes the implication of risk in business: Risk let us get this straight up fron t is good. The point of risk management isnt to eliminate it; that would eliminate reward. The point is to manage it that is, to choose where to place bets, and where to avoid betting altogether (Stewart, 2000). With the increasingly multifaceted and fast-changing global business environment, many have postulated that ERM will alter and reform the way risk is view and managed by organisations. A study by the Harvard Business Review (2004), listed ERM as one of the twenty breakthrough ideas in 2004. Fox (2009) argue that current financial meltdown has highlighted enterprise risk management as a critical component that will determine a companys overall health and long-term viability. However, others also believe that the concept is just a managerial fad and only feasible in theory but difficult putting it into practice (Davenport and Bradley, 2000). Despite the scepticism the concept continues to gain momentum and more and more companies are embarking on ERM initiatives. Ironi cally, the existing studies on ERM have all focused on risk management activities in financial institutions with the neglect of non-financial ones. This piece of research thus dives into the issue of ERM in a retail supermarket chain in the UK in an attempt to examine the relationship between the intended and what is actually implemented. The study will focus on emerging issues in ERM such as perceived benefits and drawbacks of ERM, risk management drivers, corporate governance issues and risk exposures. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Looking at development within the Global Financial Market" essay for you Create order Research Aim and Objectives The business climate in the retail supermarket chains is a delicate one making risk management imperative to these organisations. This study will focus on the emerging issues in ERM with particular emphasis on the place of ERM in the modern organisations. The study will seek to find answers to the reasons behind managerial increased attention to ERM issues as well as the future of ERM amidst the current global financial crisis. The origin of this study will be based on a retail supermarket chain located in the UK. The researcher aims to focus on the following questions in the context of retail supermarket What is the business case for considering ERM? The aim of this research question is to look at diverse opinions put forward by risk management professionals in an attempt to convince organisations to adopt the risk management function. Further areas such as whether the business case for embarking on ERM justifiable and if so have these perceived values been enough to conv inced organisations to continually advocate for it implementation would be critically assessed. What are the drives that motivate organisations to embark on ERM journey? Over here the focus will be on the increasing external regulatory compliance as well as internal pressures driving corporations to adopt ERM implementation. An in-depth analysis would be conducted as to whether the increased in both internal and external pressures have resulted in an increased complexity and the volume of risk management. Can ERM overcome the conflicting priorities in this current economic crisis and if so how can ERM be move forward? In a business environment characterised by multiple responsibilities and conflicting priorities, the question that easily comes into mind is how are risk managers managing risk? This research question seeks to find answers to the above scenario. The current global financial crisis has resulted in enormous pressure on many organisations especially in the ban king industry. Job losses continue in all sectors forcing organisations to adopt cost cutting mechanisms. This poses the challenge of resource allocation. The researcher intends to find out from this research question how are organisations willing to channel their scare resources into ERM initiatives. The researcher will conclude by looking at areas where potential improvement could be made to safeguard the integrity and the reputation of the ERM function. What are the potential obstacles to a successful ERM implementation? ERM however easy it might seem to be represent a dynamic phenomenon and requires corporations to stay abreast with the changing trends in other to manage risk efficiently. Banks face enormous challenges in trying to manage risk. ERM drawbacks and hindrances would be the focus of this research question. Significant of the proposed Study The financial crisis has exposed the shortcomings of risk management in many organisations. Thus a study of ERM would be vital addition to the existing risk management literature on the topic considering the fact that ERM is still an emerging concept in many organisations. The study will also serve as a source of research reference for risk management professionals, students, policy makers, and researchers and ÂÂ   provide an initial foundation for more advanced research about ERM and support the empirical evidence on ERM. 1.4 Outline of the dissertation A brief introduction is given which summarize the aims and the objectives of the study. The research is divided into six main sections. Chapter 1 will set the tone by briefly introduce what the research intend to achieve. This chapter will also highlight the concept of ERM as risk management function as well as outlining the various research questions. The ensuing chapter deals with a review of the extensive literature on the subject. The chapter will detailed the emergence of ERM and how the trends have change over the years. Specific risk exposures, issues that are considered as best practices in ERM implementation, the business case for embarking on ERM, corporate governance issues, challenges to ERM execution will all form a focal part of this chapter. Chapter three will revolve around research methodology and looks at the choice of research method used. Explanation concerning the uses of quantitative research method in the form of questionnaire and the case study method for the purposes of data collection and analysis is elaborated. Outline of research procedures and issues related to ethics would be dealt with in this section and the processes involved in negotiating assess with the organisation will form the climax of this chapter. Chapter four details the finding of this study. Over here findings related to Companys risk exposures, the perceive value of ERM to the organisation, expected challenges, areas where improvement is needed and the burning issue of corporate governance and it implication to risk management forms the concluding part of this chapter. Finally, chapter five presents discussion and conclusion of this research in accordance with what was established in the existing literature review. Research implications couple with challenges and limitations will form the climax of this chapter 1.5 Summary This chapter has highlighted the increasing need for risk management in organisations. The chapter enumerated some recent corporate scandals helping to elevate ERM on organisations strategic agenda. The chapter argued that as uncertainty continues to abound in todays business environment, the profile of ERM will continue to occupy an important place on corporate strategic table. The chapter listed the research questions and elaborated on what the researcher intend to achieve in relation to each research question. Chapter 2: Review of Literature 2.1 Introduction The important of risk management has vastly increased in the past decade according to Wu and Olson, 2010). Risk will always form part of the way organisations do business. ERM as a tool for managing risk has emerged as the new frontier for managing the portfolio of risk faced by many companies. This chapter will detail the review of extensive literature on the subject of ERM. Various variables will be explored. The survival of the 21st century organisation will mainly depend on how holistic risk is viewed and managed. A review of current trend and status of ERM will mark the beginning of this chapter. The section that follows will take a critical look at the contrasting views and opinions on the extent of ERM adoption by organisations. Thereafter, account of the various risk exposures faced by the financial institutions will be presented together with issues that are considered as best practices in ERM implementation. The chapter will also elaborate on the main driving force beh ind corporate increased adoption of ERM with specific emphasis on corporate governance issues. The researcher then presents an account of the business case for implementing ERM initiatives, and concludes the chapter with the expected drawbacks, and how ERM can be moved forward amidst the current global financial crisis. 2.2 Current state and trends in ERM Since the mid-1990s, enterprise risk management has emerged as a concept and as a management function within corporations (Dickenson, 2001). Early adopters of ERM recognized that changes in technology, globalization, and corporate financing were increasing the complexity and volume of risks. They also began to realize that traditional approaches were no longer effective way to identify, assess, and respond to the growing array of risks across a complex enterprise (Rao, 2007). Dickenson (2001) argue that these could be attributed largely to a number of high-profile company failures and preventable large losses, resulting in the scope of corporate governance been widened to embrace the risks that a company takes. Wu and Olson (2010) added that recent traumatic events such as the 9/11 and other business scandals may have contributed to a change in focus in the way risk is managed by many organisations. For instance recent recall of nearly 5.2 million vehicles by the Toyota Motor Co rporation, and the scandal of Enron and WorldCom go a long way to substantiate why ERM has increased in popularity. The underlying premise of ERM is that every entity exists to provide value for its stakeholders. All entities face uncertainty and the challenges for management is to determine how much uncertainty to accept as it strives to grow stakeholder value. Uncertainty however, presents both risk and opportunity, with the potential to erode or enhance value creation. The concept has gain momentum over the last decades as Stroh (2005) rightly put it ERM is quickly becoming the new minimum standard, and it may be the key to survival for many companies. Research into ERM practices amongst corporations across the globe looks more promising with significant recent research emerging in the academic literatures. For example Walker et al. (2003) accounted for ERM efforts at five large companies. A study on ERM practices by Canadian risk and insurance management companies conducte d by Kleffner et al. (2003). Lynch-Bell (2002) reported results of a survey of 52 companies with respect to risk management practices. Beasley et al. (2005) reported survey results of 123 organisations, with the following variables found positively related to ERM implementation: presence of a chief risk officer, board independence, top management support, presence of a Big Four auditor, entity size, and the industries of banking, education, and insurance and a study by Lam (2010) and his colleagues on ERM practices amongst banks in Asia. Defining Enterprise Risk Management Even though the components that make up the discipline of ERM are well-known, the concept itself is quite new and still evolving. As ERM continues to evolve, appropriate definition can be quite influential. ERM definition should be easy to communicate and remember whilst providing the flexibility to accommodate legitimate differences in approach among institutions, as well as any shifting nuance as the discipline develops in the years ahead. However, despite the increasing hype about ERM in recent times, still enterprise risk management remains a rather elusive and under-specified concept. Negus (2010) argues that establishing a consistent and commonly applied risk nomenclature poses one of the greatest challenges to the success of any ERM initiative. There has been inconsistency in ERM definition or methodologies in the last few decades although organisations have standardized on the definition outlined in COSOs Enterprise Risk Management-Integrated Framework, published in 2004 . The framework defined ERM as a process, affected by an entitys board of directors, management, and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives. Although this definition has widely been accepted in the academic and management circles, there are equally alternative definitions offered by different risk management professionals and writers alike. For instance the Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS, 2003) defined ERM as a discipline by which an organization in any industry assesses, controls, exploits, finances, and monitors risks from all sources for the purpose of increasing the organizations short- and long-term value to its stakeholders, while Deloach (2000, p.5) defined ERM as:A structured and disciplined approach: it aligns strategy, processes, people, technolog y and knowledge with the purpose of evaluating and managing the uncertainties the enterprises faces as it creates value. Digging below the surface of the loosely defined ERM practices, there are clear indication of variations existing in the specific theoretical and uses of risk management in individual organizations. There are indications that ERM definition is gradually becoming organization specific. Ai (2006) suggested that creating a clear, firm-tailored explanation is a vital precursor to the firm executing a successful ERM framework. A survey conducted by Towers Perrin in 2006 of US organisations concluded that one of the major obstacles hindering ERM practice in many companies was lack of clear-cut understanding of the concept. Nevertheless, the various definitions outlined above indicate that ERM is strategic and enable firms to manage risk more holistically and in aggregate form. It also offers comprehensive approach of risk management by looking at a portfolio view of risks. 2.3 The Extent of ERM Adoption by Organisations A research by KPMG (2010) argued that the current global financial crisis has hammered home a painful but clear reminder that risk is invasive and its potential consequences can never be fully predicted. The impact of risk is not only felt by organisations but it can also have far-reaching consequences sometimes affecting society at large. According to Stroh (2005) ERM is quickly becoming the new minimum standard, and it may be the key to survival for many companies. The implication of this is that risk management is no longer a good-to-have but a must-have by corporations seeking to survive in this perilous business operating environment. Whilst numerous studies exist on how companies are embracing ERM initiatives across the globe, other studies indicate otherwise. A series of research conducted by the KPMG (2002, 2006, and 2010) found that in 2002 only 4% of survey respondent reported of having implemented ERM in their organisation. This figure rose to 35% in the 2006 survey r epresenting an increase of 31% in adoption rate. The 2010 survey reported of 51% adoption rate by banks in Asia with further 78% implementing ERM or planning to do so. Further studies continue to reveal positive ERM adoption rate. For instance a survey by Tillinghast Towers Perrin (2004) on Insurance Executives Worldwide reveals a positive outcome of ERM adoption by corporations. In some cases too ERM adoption has been fuelled by company specific characteristics such as the presence of risk manager, Chief Risk Officer, Board of Directors, entity size, and board independency (Liebenberg and Hoyt, 2005). Beasley et al (2005) contended that entities in the banking, education, and insurance industries are more likely to embrace ERM initiatives. The Conference Board and Mercer Oliver Wyman (2005) conducted an ERM survey among 271 executives at global companies with over US $1 billion in sales. The survey found that 91% of the respondents were either positively disposed toward or have adopted ERM. In contrast, there are quite a number of researches that tend to refute some of the established facts about organisational adoption of ERM. Global Insurance survey conducted by Tower-Perrin (2008) established that there is significant difficulty amongst companies in embedding ERM. This view was shared by Beasley et al (2005) in their study which concluded that ERM processes are less developed in the US comparative to their international counterparts. Yazid et al (2008) found that ERM practices amongst main Board listed companies in Malaysia Bourse are still at early stage. Ironically, research on ERM adoption has centred on organisations in Europe, the North American, U.S.A., and Asia with little or no evidence about ERM practices in the African continent. Notwithstanding the above arguments, research so far has not been conclusive as to why some organisations embrace ERM whilst others do not 2.4 Risk Faced by the Financial Institutions 2.5 ERM Best Practices 2.6 Enterprise Risk Management Drivers 2.7 The Business Case for ERM 2.7 The Business Case for Enterprise Risk Management The international business climate has sent a clear message that no industry is immune from insufficient risk management. Added to this is the fact that with the recent increase in fraud and crime activities couple with rising inflation and operational coast, ERM has become a nightmare that can determine an organisations fate. This raises one question that all risk management practitioners are trying to find answers to. Why should corporations embark on ERM journey? Risk management professionals have sort to develop a strong business case that urges all businesses to adopt an ERM programme regardless of their level of sophistication in risk management. Additionally, empirical research and industry surveys have indicated that there are clear business benefits for adopting an ERM programme (Lam, 2007). Although ERM is relatively a new concept, it benefits has well been documented in the academic books and journals. Hoyt (2008) argue that ERM enable firms to manage a wide array of risks in an integrated, enterprise-wide fashion. Stroh (2005) contented that ERM provides firms with a significant source of competitive advantage. ERM capabilities can help management achieve the entitys performance and profitability targets and prevent loss of resources. It can help to ensure effective reporting and compliance with laws and regulations, as well as avoiding damage to the entitys reputation and associated consequences. Economic Intelligence Unit Survey (2007) reported that protecting and enhancing corporate reputation was cited by 50% of survey respondents as the most effective risk management outcome. Furthermore, 41 percent say ERM assists them in ensuring regulatory compliance and efficient capital and resources allocation. Survey respondents also highlighted loss avoidance38%, increasing shareholder value 32% and reduced earnings volatility 26% as some of the other benefits. A survey by Cheng and Wu (2005) at Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) exa mined the correlation between the ISS Corporate Governance Quotient ratings and 16 financial performance metrics for more than 5,200 U.S. companies in the 2002-2004 period. They found that companies with better corporate governance have lower risk, better profitability, and higher valuation. McKinsey and Company (2000) surveyed over 200 institutional investors in 22 different countries with a combined US$3.25 trillion in assets under management. They found that the large majority of investors were willing to pay a premium for companies with effective corporate governance practices. For example, in the U.S. 84% of investors were willing to pay an average premium of 18.3%. A survey by the MetricStream (2008) presented ERM benefits in qualitative and quantitative format in the form of tabulation which can be seen below: Sources MetricStream (2007) Lam (2003) and AON Survey (2007) added that ERM increased organisational effectiveness, better risk reporting, and improved business performance. Organisations that have adopted ERM approach to risk management have also experienced increased in share-holder value and reduction in losses and earning volatility (Lam, 2000). Nacco and Stulz (2006) added that ERM act as a value creation by facilitating organisations to quantify and manage the risk-return trade-off that faces the entire corporation. For example a survey conducted by the Conference Board among 271 risk management executives reported that 86 percent of organisations said ERM has enabled them to make better-informed decisions, 83 percent said it has provided them with greater management consensus whilst 79 percent said it has increased management accountability ( as quoted in Olson and Wu, 2008). Cumming and Hirtle (2001), Hoyt et al (2008) and Lam (2001) in their research concluded that ERM benefits firms by decreas ing earnings and stock-price volatility, reducing external capital costs, increasing capital efficiency and creating synergies between different risk management activities. It also promotes increased risk awareness which facilitate better operational and strategic decision making. Bowling and Rieger (2005) added that ERM can provide a solid foundation upon which companies can enhance corporate governance and deliver greater shareholder value 2.8 Challenges to ERM Implementation 2.9 ERM in the Next Century Chapter 3: Research Methodology 4.1. Research methods and techniques selected Quantitative research method in the form of a cross-sectional survey was employed for the purposes of data collection. This took the form of postal questionnaires. The survey was intended to ascertain the state of ERM implementation in one of the biggest retail supermarket chain in the UK. Since the supermarket chain has branches all over the country, in order the get a fair representation of survey respondents, a non-probability purposive sample was used as stipulated by (Cohen et al. 2000 p.113). The research questionnaire sort to answer the following questions: What is the business case for considering ERM? What are the drives that motivate organisations to embark on ERM journey? Can ERM overcome the conflicting priorities in this current economic crisis and if so how can ERM be move forward? What are the potential obstacles to a successful ERM implementation? ÂÂ   The questionnaire provided the opportunity of haven conversation with risk management per sonnel via telephone, and email correspondence. 4.2. Justification of research methods and techniques Quantitative survey research method was employed as the most effective method for data collection. The HCU (1999) defined a survey as a systematic method of collecting data from a sample of population of interest such that the results are representative of the population within a certain degree of error. This data collection method according to Owens (2002) is unique in that it offers the opportunity to obtain information not available from other sources. It also ensures probability sampling making it possible to obtain data from unbiased representation of population of interest. The method is relatively inexpensive. Cohen et al (2000) in their book detailed that a survey gather information cost-effectively and efficiently from the population permitting generalisations to be made about given factors. Standardization of questions associated with this method makes it possible to collect the same information from every respondent. In terms of data analysis, survey data can be used to complement existing data from secondary sources as argued by Owen (2002). Notwithstanding the above benefits, the limitation of this data collection method must also be acknowledged. Pinsonneault and Kraemer (1993) asserted that survey often focus on single-method designs in instances where multiple methods are needed. The study further noted that the technique is also characterised by unsystematic and often insufficient sampling procedures couple with low response rates, weak linkages between units of analysis and respondents, and overdependence on cross-sectional surveys. A postal questionnaire was used as a mode of survey administration. This was very useful considering the cost involve and the limited resources available for the research. More so, administering the questionnaire was not problematic and made it possible to reach large and busy populations. It must also be admitted that data collection period was slower as obtaining cooperation was difficult. . 3.3. Research Procedures 3.4. Ethical Considerations The concerned of both the well-being of research participants and with the future use of the outcome of this research was given careful considerations. The researcher set strict standard consulted and complied with relevant code of conduct so that data produced is fair and unbiased. Participants were assured of complete anonymity and confidentiality. Respondents privacy was also protected by avoiding using individual names. Informed consent was sort from research participants and enough information provided about the nature, and the benefits of the research and how data gathered would be used. Assurance was made regarding full adherence to data protection act. All sources have been rightly acknowledged unless otherwise stated. Overall, the research was conducted in a manner which upholds the integrity of the research enterprise and does not diminish the potential of conducting research in the future.

Revenge in Hamlet and Frankenstein Essay - 1714 Words

Dictionary.com states that revenge is â€Å"to exact punishment or expiation for a wrong on behalf of, especially in a resentful or vindictive spirit.† The novel, Frankenstein, and the play, Hamlet, are two works of literature that revolve around the notion of revenge. The main conflicts of the stories are Prince Hamlet attempting to avenge the murder of his father and Frankenstein’s monster hunting down Victor Frankenstein for abandoning him in an empty and lonely existence. The novels use other themes to tie together the underlying theme of revenge, such as death, madness, and learning and â€Å"un-learning.† Death is a source that fuels the yearning for revenge in both stories. Prince Hamlet is obviously pushed to revenge when he figures out†¦show more content†¦Rather than just killing Victor, however, the monster decides to kill his loved ones. The death of a potential companion in the world incites the monster to create even more death. The monster kills William Frankenstein, Justine Moritz, and Henry Clerval before Victor Frankenstein’s darkest emotions are drawn out. With the loss of Henry Clerval, Victor’s closest friend, Victor is finally pushed to the brink of insanity and starts plotting his own revenge. Of course, the monster ends up murdering Elizabeth as well and while that death puts the monster’s quest for revenge at ease, it only intensifies the thirst for revenge that Victor Frankenstein tastes. â€Å"Yet he knew me not at first. ‘ A said I was a fishmonger. ‘ A is far gone, far gone. And truly in my youth I suffered much extremity for love, very near this.† (Act II, Scene 2, p.46) Polonius says this when describing Prince Hamlet’s madness to himself during their exchange in Act 2, Scene 2. Hamlet pretends to be insane in order to throw off Polonius, because he is fully aware that Polonius is acting as a spy for Claudius. Seeking revenge leads to Hamlet becoming an utterly mad person with antic behavior. By mocking him, Hamlet convinced Polonius that he was crazy so that Polonius would report his craziness to the court. With Claudius thinking that Hamlet had succumbed to madness, he would be an easy targetShow MoreRelatedComparing the Results of Victor and Hamlet’s Choices1575 Words   |  7 PagesThough the feeling of revenge is meant to motivate a person to retaliate towards someone who did them wrong, it often harms themself in the process. In the novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley and the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Victor’s devotion to acting on his revenge leads to his death, while Hamlet’s refusal to do so leads to being killed by a man who does take action. This reveals that a person devoted to revenge causes their own death as well as the deaths of people who take too longRead MoreThe Theme Of Madness In Frankenstein, Hamlet, By William Shakespeare1193 Words   |  5 Pagesworks we have read and discussed. 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Despite Edgar Allan Poe being one of the inventors of detective fiction, the Cask of Amontillado and The Tell-Tale Heart are not about detection but the process of the murder. The former one is about Montresor, who tells how he killed his ’friend’Read MoreEssay on Kenneth Branaghs Adaptation of Frankenstein for the Cinema2495 Words   |  10 PagesKenneth Branaghs Adaptation of Frankenstein for the Cinema The story of Frankenstein has been set in the Georgian period. The story line can be cut briefly to a crazed scientist (Victor Frankenstein) thinking he can play God. He tries to bring a creation to life and once succeeding he realises the terrible mistake he has made and sets about trying to correct it - by murdering it. The Monster sets out for revenge killing family members one by one, ending with themRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesbecomes to us. d. If you don’t recognize the correspondences, it’s ok. If a story is no good, being based on Hamlet won’t save it. 6. When in Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare†¦ a. Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young man who must grow up to become king, take on his responsibilitiesRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesending in a consolation. Originally it included mournful love poems, such as John Donne’s elegies. 27. ellipsis: deliberate omission of a word or of words which are readily implied by the context. †¢ And he to England shall along with you. from Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 3 †¢ Red light means stop; a green light, go. 28. end rhyme: rhymes that occur at the ends of lines 29. end-stopped line: a line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation. 30. fixed form: a poem in which

Ink Out of Yellowbell Free Essays

In partial Fulfillment of the requirements in Physics Ink out of Yellows flower The world today is suffering for an economic crisis; many people seem to realize the importance of each item that needs to be bought. Ink is an ordinary item but prevalent in everyday use. Ball pens, pent pens, markers and everything that provides ink for its functions are expensive that not all people can afford. We will write a custom essay sample on Ink Out of Yellowbell or any similar topic only for you Order Now That’s why the researcher investigated a project that can help lessen the economic crisis for the production of ink. L. Introduction Statement of the problem In school and office, we usually use pent pens and markers. However, the marker inks which we often used are to expensive to buy for a student like me. In times we need it the most, is also the time when we don’t have the ink. It is very hassle to go out in the school or office Just to buy a marker ink. The marker ink which we usually used has bad odor that’s why it is sometimes bad for our health. Objectives The objective of this project is to create an ink which is easy to produce and to get and also to recycle organic materials. Hypothesis The ink that will be produced will be a little bit pale in color And the product, somehow will have unexpected results. Significance of the study Creating this product will help you create a valuable things out of organic materials that could be found somewhere. Scope and limitations of the study This study covers only mostly about flowers and fruits that could be used to produce ink. However, using other material may not work effectively. Inclusive dates and places of study Gather some yellows flowers and put it in a mortar. Crush it using a pestle then get the extracts. After collecting the extracts, put it in a casserole then put the fire on. Wait until it boils. Add vinegar by the time it boiled. Let it cool for some hour then put it in a clean, empty container. ‘V. Presentation of data and results The ink we produce is a little bit brownish, because it is made from yellows flower. Yellows flower doesn’t seem to be able to produce dark-colored ink, and as what is expected, it turn out brownish in color. V. Analysis of data and results Based on the results of our project, the color of the Ink produced, matches somehow, the color of the material used to produce it. VI. Summary, Conclusions and recommendations Overall, our project seemed to turn out successful. Try to use a flower or a fruit that has a darker extracts such as rose. If you use a flower that has a light color of extract, you should multiply the measurement of the flower by two VI’. Literature Cited petals. HTML VIII. Bibliography How to cite Ink Out of Yellowbell, Papers

Quality management of the organizational - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Quality management of the organization. Answer: There are certain rules on the managing process of a business or organisation. Management theories help to identify set of goals for the managers and implement certain rules to assist them in accomplishing the goals. It also expresses certain sections of motivation so that the working ability of the workers can be increased and they can be performed in a better way. The main objective of the management theory is to increase the workflow. Scientific management is a part of the management theory and it concentrates on the analysis and synthesis of workflows. The aim of this management part is to improve the standard of economic efficiency and concentrates over the labour productivity. Frederick Winslow Taylor was the founder of this theory (Waring 2016). The theory was developed in the nineteenth century where there was no formal management system in the industries and the relation between the employers and the employees was too much unofficial. There were no uniform rules for hiring o r firing the employees. However, an importance regarding the development of standard of the employees by implementing certain organisational behaviour had cropped up in the last decade of that century. Taylor had approached certain wise steps to make a change in the structural rulings of the organisations and for the betterment of the standard of the employees (Aitken 2014). The term scientific management is metaphorical in nature. He had concentrated over the performance of the workers and brought a new idea in the workplace management system. According to him, the aim of the management theory should be based on the prosperity of both employer and employee. He had stated that every employee needs proper training to increase their workflows (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Training will help them to apply their natural abilities on the projected work and prosperity of an organisation is depending on the prosperity in productivity. Source: It has been observed by Taylor that repetition of works cause slower performance among the workers and they become unmotivated in the workplace. It affects their performances and the prosperity of the workplace become slower. This process has been termed by Taylor as soldering and he had described the term as the greatest enemy of workers. According to him, the rate of remuneration plays an important role in the workflow level of workers and if the workers re paid as per their ability, the work flow will gradually be increased. The manufacturing system of America was influenced by scientific management and the labour displacing technologies of the theory had helped the industries to improve their mechanization power. However, the theory of Taylor is wholly based on man power and he had unable predict about the workforce power and role of machines in the industries. Taylor had always concentrated over the eligible and smart workers and had failed to look at the comparatively weak workers. However, the theory of scientific management had aggravated the grievance in between the workers on the management and helped to transfer the knowledge among employees into tools. Further, Taylors scientific management theory had helped to bring an equal division of works in between the employers and employees (Modaff, Butler and DeWine 2016). This theory was able to bring a change in the productivity of the workplace and the application of the theory was spread all over the world. There are certain reasons laid down behind the change of scientific management theory. Taylor had suggested certain manner or guidelines that can manage the workplace conflicts in a better way. However, there were certain loopholes in his theory. Criticism against the theory had been made in all stages of the industries (Bridgman and Cummings 2014). Employees and employers both have criticised the theory for certain reasons. Taylor had suggested that the best employee has the ability to continue job in the workplaces and the prosperity of a company is depending on them. He had not relied on the comparatively weaker employees. Therefore, those particular classes of workers felt that they can be terminated from their post and they could be replaced by the capable employees for the better prosperity of the industry. According to SP Waring, the weak employees were felt insecurity as they thought that if they cannot give the entire possible workforce, the company will exploit them as in t he theory of Taylor; there is no place for the weaker classes of employees (Waring 2016). If the job criteria for the employees will be predetermined and fixed in nature, the process of union will be hampered and there shall be no existence of the unions. Therefore, the theory of Taylor had weakened the union system. According to Taylor, employees should perform their task hurriedly so that the company can earn more profit. This over speeding of work had created a negative impact on the health of the employees. According to certain classes of employees, the behaviour of the employers are sometimes autocratic in nature and in the absence of any union, the entire industrial system was became undemocratic. Criticism has been made from all the section of the industries and even the employers had raised their voice against the theory. It has been observed that the process of scientific management was expensive and huge investment is required to install all the machines and equipments for the standardisation of the workplace. Therefore, it is quite troublesome for the small scale industries to apply the theory in their industries. Further, Taylor had suggested for applying new system and the old system needed to be changed. The process of changing was quite expensive and time consuming and therefore, there were risk of loss of account. S Park has suggested the same theory and criticised the theory of Taylor by stating it as an expensive theory (Jo et al. 2016). Apart from the employees and the employers, the industrial psychologists are also criticised the theory. According to the psychiatrists, Taylor had wanted to increase the work flow at any cost and therefore, the workers became slave and he also failed to give enough concentration over the weak employees (Derksen 2014). In modern times, the management system has changed and extra focus has been given to the weaker employees so that they can develop their working capacity and invest their diligence for the bett erment of the company. Concurrently, other theories had also introduced that replaced the idea of Taylor. Henry Ford has introduced a theory where interdependence has been made in between every class of workers, whether expert or weak. He concentrated over the mass production. Additionally, Hawthrone had suggested bringing human relations movements by conjoining movement. These are the reasons that Taylors theory has not been followed now. However, the theory was quite popular in nineteenth century and helped to codify industrial rules. Reference: Aitken, H.G., 2014.Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal, 1908-1915. Princeton University Press. Bridgman, T. and Cummings, S., 2014. Book review: Re-tayloring management: Scientific management a century on. Derksen, M., 2014. Turning men into machines? Scientific management, industrial psychology, and the human factor.Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences,50(2), pp.148-165. Epgp.inflibnet.ac.in.(2018).https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000030PU/P001502/M016156/ET/146536875003.ET.Taylor-Roopinder_Oberoi.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan. 2018]. Garrett, T.M., 2017. An interpretive-phenomenological critique of the science of (new?) public management: A polemic.Public Voices,8(2), pp.102-115. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Jo, S.J., Jo, S.J., Park, S. and Park, S., 2016. Critical review on power in organization: empowerment in human resource development.European Journal of Training and Development,40(6), pp.390-406. Modaff, D.P., Butler, J.A. and DeWine, S.A., 2016.Organizational communication: Foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. Pearson. Waring, S.P., 2016.Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.

Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self

The purpose of the research by Judge and Bono was to conduct a review of the literature which studies the correlation between self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and low neuroticism (emotional stability), on the one hand, and job performance and job satisfaction, on the other, and gather information in order to provide a quantitative evaluation of this correlation.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self-Evaluation Traits to Job Satisfaction and Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The study found that each of the four traits had a positive, nonzero relationship to both job performance and job satisfaction (Judge and Bono 81, 82). It is also interesting that the traits have a greater influence on job satisfaction than on job performance (Judge and Bono 83). The authors state that the estimated true score correlations of self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and low neuroticism to job performance were 0.26, 0.23, 0.22, and 0.19, respectively, whereas the correlations of these traits to job satisfaction equaled 0.26, 0.45, 0.32, and 0.24, respectively. One of the most interesting findings is that the self-esteem affects both job satisfaction and job performance virtually to an equal degree, whereas the other three traits affect job satisfaction more. It would appear that e.g. low neuroticism should have more influence on job performance that high self-esteem, for emotional stability seems to be more important to do one’s work properly, but we can see that it is slightly less influential in case of job satisfaction, and has even less effect on job performance. Works Cited Judge, Timothy A., and Joyce E. Bono. â€Å"Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits – Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability – With Job Satisfactio n and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis.† Journal of Applied Psychology 86.1 (2001): 80-92. Print. This case study on Judge and Bono on Relationships of Core Self-Evaluation Traits to Job Satisfaction and Performance was written and submitted by user Paige Key to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

NIKE market analysis Essays

NIKE market analysis Essays NIKE market analysis Essay NIKE market analysis Essay NIKKEI is an America company which is headquartered in the Portland metropolitan area. NIKKEI original know as Blue Ribbon Sport (BRB), it was found by University of Oregon in January 1 964 as a distributed and officially became Nikkei in 1978. NIKKEI produces a wide range of sport equipment- specially footwear products. Their first products is track running shoes. They sell an assortment of product to activities as football, running Nikkei also well know and popular in youth cultural and hip hop cultural for their supplying Of urban fashion clothing. In December 201 3, the profit of Nikkei shoes increase to 13 percent, proportional to $10. 4 billion. Nikkei has contract with more than 700 shops in around the world and 45 country outside the United State. Internal source of marketing information Four sources of internal marketing data: 1. Leaderships effectiveness(Phil Knight) Relevance: High: Phil Knight, known as the CEO of Nikkei shoes, has a great identity association. He always want Nikkei to win, his sacrifice, genuine love, and endless passion towards this brand is effectiveness on his employee, workers. Timeline and currency/accuracy: High. Phil Knight is an open mind person. He always update his new ideas and isnt conservative. 2. Feedback from customer via opinion surveys: Relevance: High. Nikkei provides to customers what information they need. Therefore, the customers satisfied with that. Timeline: High. Nikkei can collect customers comment and feedback quickly and easily. Accuracy/currency: Medium. The currency can be right but the accuracy isnt really right because of they may just have an answer quickly but not really care about its right or wrong. Reliability: Medium. The qualitative is answered to find the problems. The answer would be common and not really useful because Of perfunctory answers. 3. Accounting and Income Statement Relevance: High. It makes decision for the recently sales activities. Help to make marketing plan Timeline: High. Up to date information, monthly report and yearly income statement Currency/accuracy: High. Using numerical to prove its accurate Cost-effectiveness: High. Easy to provides and prove the information data. Reliability. High. Sing report, data, and number. 4. Distributors Relevance: High. The main places provide products and perform the sales activities. Timeline: High. Keeping update the new styles Cost-effectiveness: Medium. High commission. External sources of marketing information Four sources of marketing information: 1. Market intelligence reports: Relevance and timeline: High. Have enough conditions to make a market intelligence report. Currency/accuracy: High. The report are currency. Data and numerical are used to prove its accurate Cost-effectiveness: high. Cheap to write a market intelligence report Reliability: High. It has showed the data and enough information for a market intelligence report. 2. Competitors activities: Relevance: High. The change in quality, price Of competitors product is directly effect on our company. Currency/accuracy: Medium. The current information doesnt show that, it just can be hear when the competitors had changed. Cost-effectiveness: High. It make a change in cost of sale and erectly effect on the company. 3. Economics changes Relevance: Medium. The change in economic is effect to Nines organization but the demand of sport is still going on. 4. Legal/Political: Relevance: High. All the rule and ethical have to follow the local legal/political. Currency/accuracy: It has to follow all the time. Internal Influence Nikkei has a brand prestige especially among athletes and sport person. This company which later became a brand was started by Bill Borrower and Phil Knight as they were able to make out that there was a problem in the sports and athletes appearance. Since it was not that early to say for them bringing wow fingers together, they manufactured/created their goods on the basis of some special criteria. And as co-founder Bill Borrower once said, If you have a body, you are an athlete. Jumping on to the current situation/market, Nikkei is one of the finest brand which manufactures sports goods. Nikkei is the largest seller of athletic footwear and apparel in the world. It employs more than 33,000 people, internationally. Nikkei sells products in more than 180 countries around the world; it reported revenues of $19. 2 billion for the fiscal year ending May 31, 2009. Nikkei designs and sells products in three main product lines; footwear, apparel and equipment. The products are manufactured in approximately 600 contracted factories in 46 countries around the globe. Nines mission statement is to bring the inspiration and innovation for every athlete in this world. Apparently, Nikkei has become worlds leading innovator in athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories. Internal influences for Nikkei are pointed and described below: 1. Product: Nikkei has a large diversity in sportswear and products. Their targeted mass is sport and athlete people. They are pretty much focused on their quality of goods what they manufacture. Nikkei deals With the issues and concerns regarding their products by obeying its customer centric strategy. They have a quite descent return and exchange policies. 2. Management: The management of the Nikkei brand is really customer focused. Nikkei has more than 30,000 employees in 170 countries. With leadership positions in established markets like the U. S. And the Western Europe and in the emerging markets like China and Brazil, the management believes that they have tremendous and unique area to grow. They often give recognition to its employees for outstanding work. 3. Location: As mentioned above Nikkei is present in more than 1 70 countries. They believe in disrupting the distances between them and the customers. Apparently, Nikkei is emerging as one of the stupendous sportswear in the Asian market too. Since they are providing really an effective service, soon they would be becoming the top company of sportswear. External Influence External influence for Nikkei are pointed and described below: 1. Economical: In the world, the economy experience economics cycles. These cycles include booms and busts because economy experience higher level of the employment. They may be so confident in their sales that they may increase the price of the items to gets more profits. . Competitors: As we know in the modern era, competitions levels are increasing day by day. These competitive situations consumers because with competitions in a market there will be a greater range of goods for consumers. Its goods for the customers because they get more variety of the choice they want goods or service. 3. Governments: As we know these are three levels of the government which are federal, state and local. 4. Federal government deals mainly important part such as tax, they can see taxes are being paid and also checks to the business are running in according to the customs regulations. . States government deal with lower case issues such as workers rights and responsibilities such as oral history society requirements and making sure business are according by the state laws. 6. Social influence: social influence is playing vital role in our business. For examples: time goes on peoples taste in the fashion and trends will change. In the others hand business makes more profit because they lunched new fashions and trends. Promoting ethic and social responsible Ethical Marketer Behavior To promote the ethical marketing behavior in our Nikkei shoe company we enact a rewards system. For example- when an employee acts or do work ethically even at a personal cost then we give him/her a reward. In return it will help us because through this we motivate the employees and through motivation they give their best to their work for getting reward. Secondly, it also helps in increasing employment sector, more and more employees want to work in our organization. Socially marketing behavior Every organization have responsibility toward society, and our organization also have like our organization do the production of shoes and for its production there is need of machines to make the cotton or stuff for shoe which may affect environment, as we have responsibility toward society so we ignore the machines and get more and more work by employees. It will help in our organization to get good reputation in society by providing more employment and by having environment friendly relation, and because of this the customers get attracted and our sales of shoes increase. Consumer Behavior First of all we should know the meaning of consumer behavior-it is the study of individual or organization and the processes they use to secure or satisfy the needs and these have the impact on consumer and society. Every consumer want to satisfy his/her desire. As we know that today everyone want to show themselves by wearing branded and good quality of clothes, shoes etc. Our organization attract the customers by the quality and by the marketing schemes. Consumers help the firm to improve the marketing strategies. The use of social responsibility initiatives to influence consumers has become common. The growing body of marketing manipulates the consumers perceptions of motivation and social initiatives. The marketing scheme influence a lot to buyer, our marketing scheme is that we give account, provide good customer service, and have the online site to buy our product. The prices of our Nikkei shoes are affordable, anyone can afford to buy this.

Summary of the reading material Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Summary of the reading material - Article Example The stakeholders are now experiencing the shape of the new regulations and the resultant changes, which are about to influence the strategic imperative driving the strategy of leading hedge fund organizations (Citi Investor Services, 2014). Notably, this marks a shift of the factors driving change in the hedge fund industry. A shift in the investor base had been driving major industry evolution since the GFC until recently. Indeed, the article reckons that the emergence of large institutional investors seeking to allocate capital to hedge fund managers have been driving changes in the industry for the past five years (Citi Investor Services, 2014). These changes adopted diverse strategic imperatives as institutional investors emerged as the industry’s main source of capital (Citi Investor Services, 2014). The investors’ demands changed key structural aspects of the market. Ideally, by financing the industry with huge sums of capital within a concentrated period, institutional investors determined the behaviors of the investment managers and fostered structural changes in the industry (Citi Investor Services, 2014). However, response to regulatory changes is now the main driver of change in the industry where it creates different opportunities and challenges for the hedge fund industry. The survey establishes the reality and eminent approach of major implementation deadlines upon the industry players. The formulation and implementation of a broad and significant set of global regulations is now the dominant force of industry change. These regulations include the Volcker Rule, Dodd-Frank, EMIR, OTC derivative rules, Liikanen Proposal among other rules (Citi Investor Services, 2014). The new regulatory changes are offering new opportunities to hedge funds where they can optimize their business approach. The Volcker Rule and Liikanen Proposal has eliminated the proprietary trading talent from sell side organizations that allowed hedge funds and other

Homework assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Homework - Assignment Example Plate, the Pacific Plate, the Caroune Plate. The North American and Pacific plates are sliding apart and past each other, Pacific moving left and North American moving right. The Juan de Fuca Plate is sliding underneath the North American Plate, and melting (Watson, 1997). There are no active volcanoes in the Eastern US because there are presently no active plate boundaries (no shifting and sliding tension). There is, however, evidence that this was not always the case, and that conditions used to yield volcanic activity, but it was long ago (Watson, 1997). Mt. Ranier is an active volcano, which has erupted severely, many times over many centuries. It last erupted in 19894-95 and is resting, at the moment, but this temporary situation lulls people into feeling safe when, in fact, they are not safe. Someday it will no doubt erupt again (Driedger & Scott, 2008). This will cause snow and ice to melt, which picks up mud and a lot of destructive force, or large landslides can occur and act in a similar manner. These are called lahars, and they act like a rapidly oncoming, thick wall of concrete. Enough force can carry it all the way to Puget Sound, so many people along the way can be damaged, since there are densely populated areas along the way. Infrastructure would also be destroyed (Driedger & Scott, 2008). The anytime-now probability of lahars from Mt. Ranier activating is actually a very strong and serious risk. About 80,000 people, their homes, businesses, roads, bridges, etc. would be affected. Ashes from the volcano can be dangerous for aircraft visibility and respiratory risk. Utility and transportation systems can be impacted, and it can be rather costly to clean up. One of the most dangerous aspects is that there would likely be no warning, or insufficient warning to prevent mass death and damage

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Summary - Essay Example The author also adds that he shall cover the vital issues concerning anti-democratic perspectives in Islamic political thought, which touch on divine sovereignty. He concludes the abstract by stating he shall argue in favor of the core of human agency as a major factor in creating and suppressing these thoughts with regard to Islam and democracy. According to the author, although shura and bay’a are extensively covered in the Quran and Sunna, they are not discussed and dissected in detail. Rather, they have been created by the ijitihad of Muslim jurists, creativity, political thoughts, and interpretations (Ashour 1). He goes on to say that he shall also address some likely counterarguments: undemocratic decipher of the above-mentioned concepts, in addition to the most salient, and that is the Islamically-grounded argument related to the notion of divine sovereignty. The research question therefore, is: what are the foundations of, and barriers to, democracy in Islamic politica l notions. The author ends this section by confirming that his discussion will be focused on the previously-mentioned bases (bay’a and shura) and a major impediment (divine sovereignty as opposed to populist sovereignty). The conclusion will entail a general evaluation of the connection between democracy and Islam (Ashour 2). Defining Democracy This section begins with a distinction of the two main forms of democracy: liberal and electoral. Drawing on the work of Joseph Schumpeter, electoral democracy may be defined as an institutional framework for arriving at political decisions in which individuals gain the power to decide through competitive struggle for the votes of the populace. Electoral democracy may be illiberal, condoning the tyranny of the majority as de Tocqueville described. Electoral democracy must not include detailed provisions for protecting the rights of the minorities, nor does it need the absence of special domains of power, like those of the clergy and th eir concept of valyi al-faqih in Iran or Turkey’s military. On the other hand, liberal democracy is made up of many provisions for defending minorities against the tyranny of the majority. It also needs the absence of special domains of power for specific social groups like the clergy and the military. Is there an Islamic Political System? Experts on Islamic studies and Muslim political scholars are usually divided on this question, with two rejectionist factions at opposite ends of the divide and a lot of accomodationists sandwiched between them. The author states that all the arguments of the accomodationists (including the one on depoliticization) and the rejectionists base their justification and legitimacy at least partially (and in a majority of cases totally) on Islamic history and/or Islamic theological literature and scholars. It is virtually impossible therefore to present the argument that there is one sole special Islamic political system. In other words, as put b y two modernist Islamist scholars, â€Å"Muslims have a human comprehension of Islam†¦.it is erroneous for us to say that there is a particular system that symbolizes the Islamic system† (Ashour 3). Does Islam have a â€Å"Political Dimension†? After a consideration of various theoretical and empirical arguments, a look at the Islamic

Romeo and Juliet True Love Essay

Romeo and Juliet True Love Essay Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, has many techniques such as iambic pentameter and sonnets to show the how strong love can be between two young people; caught in between a family feud which kept them from truly experiencing free will to love who they desired. Although the play is about the love affair of Romeo and Juliet, there are many other parts which show the two lovers being tied into other relationships like Juliet with Paris; where there is a traditional arranged marriage for more power and allies. Also lusting over somebody else, like Romeo with Roseline, this can be seen as more physical love and attraction. Both these key elements play a crucial part in the meeting between Romeo and Juliet. The prologue is imperative as it introduces the themes; love, trust, power and social status, to the audience. These all are shown through a sonnet which shows the love within the play; traditionally in the Elizabethan era, men would try to win the respect of the woman they desired, by either fighting for her or romantically proposing gifts, like sonnets, and publically demonstrating his desire. Within the prologue, the scene of the play is established; the audience become familiar with the ancient grudge of the Montagues and Capulets- there were so many problems that even the servants and grounds keepers would have disputes with each other. There are many types of love which can be seen throughout the play, of which include; sexual love, unrequited love, courtly love true love and love at first sight. The sexual love can be directly seen from Mercutio, he talks about experiences with women and what he assumes Romeo should be taking part in at his age. Mercutio uses crude and coarse language to describe women O Romeo that she were, O that she were/An open-arse, thou a poprin pear! which shows he does not take love seriously; it also suggests that he could have had a painful relationship. This has an impact on Romeo as he looks up to Mercutio as a role model, and therefore takes in his pain, this reflects upon his views about relationships. The nurse has the same views on love as Mercutio; she thinks of it as mostly physical- describing the physical features that are meant to attract Juliet to Paris. She talks about sexual innuendo with Juliet, about Paris, in a very forward way lady, such a man / As all the world Why, h es a man of wax. This shows that the nurse thinks of Paris as perfect wax suggests he can be made to suit all of Juliets needs as a husband, but also providing allies with the same dignity as the Capulets. Juliet and Paris relationship is unrequited and courtly love; its true from his side but not from hers. At first, before she has the meeting with Romeo and, Juliet was content with marrying Paris although she was still very young. As the only daughter of a powerful family Juliet would have been kept under supervision at all times, except for when she visited the church for confession- because of this meeting people her own age would be limited. The head of the family- her father- would have been in control of her future; selecting who she married and for the reasons she married- courtly love. Paris love for Juliet is very strong; he admires her from afar and proposes to her father about the marriage many times before he accepts for his daughter. Juliet probably would have married Paris if she had not have met Romeo at the Capulets masquerade ball; which Mercutio had convinced Romeo to attend secretly with him- he allowed Romeo to think that Roseline would be impressed with this gestu re of breaking rules for her. The connection between Romeo and Roseline is also unrequited love- he thinks that he loves her when in fact, the way he talks about her shows he is indeed, just lusting Is the day so young? / Ay me, sad hours seem long the tone of his expression when saying this can be perceived as a sad teenage boy who takes a liking to the popular girl who he knows he cannot have- In addition this sets a comparison for later in the play. Roseline plans on becoming a nun, which means she cannot have a relationship with a man; this still doesnt stop Romeo from being fond of her and loving her from afar; he says things like Aye me sad hours seem long, In sadness, cousin, I love a woman. The expression of this can be seen as sad because he states he has nothing better to do then wait for her; additionally this can be pictured as pathetic as he never informs Roseline of his infatuation for her. In act one scene one Romeo uses paradoxes to describe his feelings for Roseline O brawling love, O loving hate O heavy lightness which shows he is indecisive about his feelings for her; this illustrates to the audience how he is not truly in love with her as he cannot make his mind up. We may never know what the ancient feud is about between the Capulets and Montagues; whether it be a political difference or an eventful marriage between the two families before this generation; consequently the love connecting Romeo and Juliet is stronger, more powerful and- to an extent- purer. Under any other circumstances: Romeo not lusting for Roseline, Juliet not preparing to marry Paris and Mercutio not only thinking about physical love- the two lovers would have never have met. This is evident to the audience as the youth of the Montagues approach the Capulet household; Mercutio is struggling to break the love sickness of Romeo If love be rough with you, be rough with love rough implies if Romeo isnt receiving love from Roseline, he should seek out ways to make her love him, even though this wouldnt be true- as love in all respects isnt meant to be rough but soft. As we now know about the other relationships the young lovers are tied into; Shakespeare introduces the new relationship between Romeo and Juliet themselves to the audience. In act one scene five Shakespeare uses hyperbole to demonstrate the difference of feelings compared to earlier in the play- Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear! Romeo is shown here metaphorically lifting Juliet up at first glance; he insinuates his true sincerity by using such words as beauty in comparison to talking about Roseline- who he has completely forgotten about by this point. This shows he could not have been truly in love with her. At the same time, Juliet captures the image of Romeo standing across the room looking at her; this causes her to lose her breath in surprise which could be seen as love at first sight. The fact that Romeo mirrors Juliets movements as she moves around the room, reveals that hes taking her lead- he does not know how to approach the situation as he has not experienced th is before. Shakespeare does this to show the innocence of the two characters- making it evident that this is a special, one in a lifetime experience. Had the feelings between them just been lust they would have not been so eager to find each other. At the point where Romeo is no longer visible, it is evident in Juliets face that the hope is lost; Shakespeare uses this expression to his advantage, by showing the audience the contrast between her facial appearance when Romeo is hidden and when he caresses her hand softly. This contrast shows true feelings she has- from hope to a feeling of loss and self hate for not finding him in time. The first thing Romeo says to Juliet is If I profane with my unworthiest hand- unworthiest reveals he does not think he is valuable for her; he is putting himself down to elevate her status, as with holy shrine and saints which are biblical references. During the Elizabethan times, religion played a significant part in everyday life- Shakespeare uses religious imagery and language to show Romeos true feelings for Juliet and the sincerity of them. Romeo refers to himself as a pilgrim which is inferior to his actual status; this confirms that he believes Juliet is too valuable and worthy for himself . So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows Shakespeare uses oxymorons to compare Juliet with the other females in the room; he refers to her as a dove among the crows, stating she is pure and beautiful this shows his genuine appreciation for her appearance. Romeo questions the love he thought he had for Roseline and love itself- did my heart love till now? this shows he is maturing and questioning what he feels truly; heart suggests that he didnt love Roseline with this in the first place as it could be a different feeling. Shakespeare also uses iambic pentameter as Romeo speaks about Juliet to show his desire and sincerity of words- this establishes trust in his feelings from the audience. Comparing the way Romeo talks about his love for Juliet, and how the nurse talks about love- in free verse- Shakespeare builds trust from the audience in Romeos judgements about his feelings of lust towards Roseline, and the true love he feels for Juliet, thus constructing the audiences perspectives that the feelings are genuine. Deeper into the play Romeo is seen devoting his ever growing love for Juliet-Act Two Scene Two is set on the Capulets land in their orchard behind Juliets quarters. Shakespeare chose this location to show the extent of the love Romeo has for Juliet, as this is exceedingly risky for an foe to be doing. O blessed, blessed night I am feared, being in the night, all this is but a dream Romeo knows it is reality, but still he refers to it as a dream- he continuously believes Juliet is a goddess; too good for him. Juliet is willing to give up everything for Romeo Deny thy father and refuse thy name she is even prepared to give up her family name and her family itself for him. Shakespeare uses things which the audience can relate to; family and the bloodline of the family were exceptionally important in the Elizabethan era, so Juliet declaring she would not be reluctant to leave her family and the comforts of her home to run away proves how much she cares for Romeo. Tis but thy name that is my enemy- Juliet refers to her own name to be her enemy and her curse- she questions why he has to be a Montague and proposes he changes his name. She also states that if he will not change his name, he should marry her; meaning she would change hers so that they no longer be feuding by name. Juliet worries about Romeo as he devotes his love to her; she contemplates what might happen if the Capulets guards find him- she is more practical within her love for him. Shakespeare uses soliloquy to show the audience Juliets true feelings for Romeo when on the balcony; the language used is that of a teenage girl writing in her diary- she talks about marrying him like in a fairytale, where everybody lives happily ever after even though she understands that this will never be the case. Half way through the couple devoting there love- by stating they will ignore the family names- the nurse calls for Juliet- the way the lovers pull back together and say how they love eac h other can be seen as the same as couples on the phone in modern times; you hang up this shows they do not feel able to be parted and jut want to hear each others voices longer. As the scene progresses the love between the young couple develops to true romantic love; this is evident as Shakespeare starts to use sincerer language and further fluent iambic pentameter. And Ill still stay, to have thee still forget, Forgetting any other home but this Romeo refers to Juliets home as his home in iambic pentameter; this shows he believes with her he is home. A home is meant to be safe and comforting; somewhere a person can be themselves with nobody to impress- by saying this Romeo is stating he feels completely at ease with Juliet even after such a short period of time with her. During this era, marriages where three quarters of the time for money and power; the people involved would gradually, if at all love each other not truly but because they had. Shakespeare uses this to his advantage within the play, as some- if not most- people in the audience would have been involved in an arranged marriage. Shakespeare uses many ways of showing the sincerity of Romeo and Juliets true feelings for each other; the iambic pentameter plays a crucial role in showing the contrast in feelings they each feel each other and for Roseline and Paris and how different people view love, such as Mercutio and the nurse. They talk about love in free verse; they speak about the physical side of love rather than the emotional- which in comparison to the love Romeo and Juliet talks about; shows the sincerity of the love between them. The prologue informs the audience of the love between the two lovers before they even know each other exist, this shows that the relationship is what the play revolves around. The way Shakespeare has subtly used religion within the descriptions of Juliet from Romeos point of view assists in showing the pureness of his feeling towards her. The way enjambment has been used- when Romeo speaks about Juliet- shows how much he cares for her; he speaks as if it is a poem dedicated to her and its essential that he is able to convey all his thoughts and feelings before she stops listening.

Excessive Laws and the Self-Interest of Lawmakers, Lawyers, and Judges

Excessive Laws and the Self-Interest of Lawmakers, Lawyers, and Judges The basis of a civilized society is law. The law allows for standardized treatment of men, the law allows people to plan their futures, the law gives people assurance that wills, contracts, and trusts will be enforced, that certain behavior will be allowed while other behavior (crimes and torts) will be punished, etc. Five important characteristics of "the law" in a civilized society follow: 1) The law must be of manageable size so the average man can learn the law without a lifetime of study. 2) The law must be simple enough for the average man to grasp and understand. 3) The law must be stable so men can, once they learn the law, live their lives with great assurance that they know the law and are not violating the law. 4) The law must be internally consistent so a man who follows one law does not find himself violating some other law. And last, but not least, 5) "man made" law must harmonize with the unchanging law of God. Each of these principles needs to studied in light of America's current legal structure: Manageable size: The typical public or academic law library contains over 100 million pages (in excess of 100,000 volumes) of statutes, regulations, reported legal decisions, commentaries, cross indexes, law dictionaries, legal encyclopedias, law review articles, etc. However, most law libraries have found all these pages inadequate. In the last ten years they have added "on line" access to great legal web sites run by Lexis and West Legal Publishing. These web sites allow law students and lawyers to do quick searches of all published material related to a given topic. These web sites are expensive but if the right legal key words are entered the results are very useful. Twenty to one hundred pages of information is displayed on the screen. In an hour or two any journeyman lawyer will know all that is worth knowing about some narrow area of the law. Of course, total or complete knowledge is beyond human reach. No one not even the most dedicated legal scholar can claim to kn ow "all the law". In fact America's situation recalls ancient Rome, just before its fall, when the laws began to multiply. A sage of the late Roman Empire remarked "A corrupt society has many laws". Simplicity: As the preceding description makes clear, ma... ... in their lives and that He is unrelated to the central activity of their daily routine? It is obvious that each such step is simply another step on a slippery slope away from God. So why do lawmakers, lawyers, and judges violate these five obvious rules. The only answer that makes any sense is self interest. Lawmakers want to be re-elected so they pass laws which pander to man's baser instincts and give special advantage to large contributors. Judges at the appellate level (and bureaucrats in the executive branch of government) are lured by the evil urge to become "little gods". They put God's Laws aside and set off on their own to re-define right and wrong. Judges at the trial court level become friendly with the lawyers that appear before them so they act in ways which increase the power and/or wealth of these lawyers. Lawyers themselves are in need of income to support their families in an aristocratic fashion, so they encourage judges and lawmakers to increase the complexity of courtroom procedures and/or law in general so more "lawyer's work" is created. Simple laws and simple court room procedures are not the stuff upon which grand le gal fees are built.